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英语笔记,经济学人外刊

A-1 Appliance Parts优惠码 发布时间:2018-02-04
【词汇复习】OECD: 经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Cooperation and development

简称经合组织,是由35个市场经济国家组成的政府间国际经济组织,旨在共同应对全球化带来的经济、社会和政府治理等方面的挑战,并把握全球化带来的机遇

成立于1961年,目前成员国总数35个,总部设在巴黎

中国没有位列其中

)democracy CN: 民主国家(Democracy大写的话前面要加the,如:在美国the Democratic party指民主党

)income gap: 收入差距over time: 随着时间的流逝between countries: 当涉及三件或三件以上的事物时,不是一定不能用between而只能用among

总的原则是:用between时,指的是一件件彼此分隔的单独事物,着重其“异”;用among时,指的是多件事物组成的混合集体,着重其“同”

among倾向于表示“合在一起”,between则偏重彼此界限,因此,凡是涉及“区别”、“差异”、“分歧”,就用between,不用among ▲the difference between them他们彼此的差异

inequality UN: 不平等evolve VI/VT: (使)逐渐形成,逐步发展,逐渐演变 ▲The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer
这家公司已逐步发展成一个主要的化工厂

▲Each school must evolve its own way of working
每个学校必须形成自己的办学方式

with prep: 随着 ▲Skill comes with practice
熟能生巧

【新词习得】•instead /ɪnˈsted/1
instead of sb / sth: used to say what is not used, does not happen etc, when something else is used, happens etc代替某人/某物; 而不是某人/某物▲You probably picked up my keys instead of yours
你可能没拿你的钥匙而错拿了我的钥匙了

▲Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased
他没有生气,反而似乎很高兴

2
ADV: used to say what is done, when you have just said that a particular thing is not done相反; 而; 却 ▲Geoff didn't study law
Instead, he decided to become an actor
杰夫没学法律,相反,他决定当演员

3
ADV: in the place of sb / sth代替;顶替 ▲If Jo can't attend the meeting, I could go instead
如果乔不能去开会,我可以代他去

【语法分析】•ALL men are created equal, but they do not stay that way for long
人人生而平等,但这种状态并不长久

(“all men are created equal”这句话大家可能并不陌生,但是对equal这里为什么用形容词的形式很不解,觉得用在动词create后面,修饰动词应该用副词equally才对

实际上这里是形容词做状语,修饰主语

跟在动词后面,什么时候用形容词?什么时候用副词?其实很好判断

举个例子They married young
这句话young不是修饰动词marry的,不是“年轻地结婚”,没有这样的说法

这里的young修饰主语they,属于形容词做状语

同理这一句话里不可以解释为“平等地创造”,而是“人们被创造,人们是平等的”

Equal是形容词修饰men

到底用不用副词形式,就要看这个形容词到底是不是修饰动作的,如果是就加上ly变成副词,如He speaks English fluently
这里的fluent不是形容人“流利的”,而是修饰动词speak,“说得流利”所以用副词fluently;如果不是就看一下是不是形容词在修饰主语

)【翻译技巧】•That is one message of a report in October by the OECD, a club of 35 mostly rich democracies
这是经合组织(有35个成员国,主要是富裕民主国家)10月发布的一份报告所传递的信息

(“a club of 35 mostly rich democracies”是OECD的同位语

在“That is one message of a report in October by the OECD”这句话中,OECD是被动形式,译成汉语通常到前面,这个同位语成分在翻译的时候可以做成OECD的定语,变成“有35个富裕民主国家加入的经合组织……”

但是这样一来头太重,所以可以适当增加一些标点符号来处理这个同位语,变成原文这样,对于译入语受众来说也更好接受

“达”这个标准在CATTI考试中很重要

)【好词佳句】•ALL men are created equal人人生而平等As people build their careers, or don’t, their incomes tend to diverge
This inequality peaks when a generation reaches its late 50s
But it tends to fall thereafter, as people draw redistributive public pensions and quit the rat race, a contest that tends to give more unto every one that hath
Old age, the OECD notes, is a “leveller”
有人事业成功,有人成就寥寥,人们的收入因而出现差异

当一代人快到60岁时,这种不平等达到顶峰

但那之后,不平等水平往往会回落,因为人们将领取再分配的公共养老金,退出那种往往让富者更富的激烈竞争

经合组织指出,老年期令人们趋向平等

【词汇复习】build one’s career: 建立事业(其他搭配:pursue a career:追求事业

Launch/embark on a career:开创事业

Ruin/wrech a career: 毁掉事业

Abandon a career: 放弃事业

)tend to: 往往会;常常就▲Women tend to live longer than men
女人往往比男人长寿

▲When I'm tired, I tend to make mistakes
我累了就容易出错

▲It tends to get very cold here in the winter
这里冬天往往会很冷

▲People tend to think that the problem will never affect them
人们往往认为这个问题绝不会影响到他们

peak VI: 达到高峰;达到最高值 ▲Oil production peaked in the early 1980s
20 世纪 80 年代初期,石油产量达到了最高峰

【翻译高频词】late: 接近末期;在晚年 ▲in the late afternoon傍晚 ▲in late summer夏末 ▲She married in her late twenties (= when she was 28 or 29)
她快三十岁时才结婚

thereafter ADV: 之后;此后;以后 ▲She married at 17 and gave birth to her first child shortly thereafter
她 17 岁结婚,之后不久便生了第一个孩子

draw VT: 提取;领取;支取 ▲Can I draw $80 out of my account? 我可以从我的账户上提取 80 元钱吗? ▲She went to the post office to draw her pension
她到邮局去领取她的养老金

(同义词:withdraw)redistributive ADJ: 再分配的(re+distributive【构词法】)pension CN: 养老金,退休金quit VT: 停止,不再做(quit doing)rat race: 〔大城市里的〕永无休止的激烈竞争,你死我活的竞争 ▲get out of / quit the rat raceunto prep: 朝;向;到;对 ▲The angel appeared unto him in a dream
天使在梦中出现在他面前

hath: 古英语中have的第三人称单数形式note VT: 指出leveler: 使人人平等的事(或局面) ▲death, the great leveller 凡人皆要面对的死亡【新词习得】•diverge /daɪˈvɜ:dʒ/1
VI: to separate and go in different directions分叉;岔开▲(diverge from)Many species have diverged from a single ancestor
许多物种都是同宗演变而来的

▲We went through school and college together, but then our paths diverged
我们从小学到大学一直在一起,但后来就分道扬镳了

2
VI: (of opinions, views, etc
意见、观点等) to be different分歧;相异▲Opinions diverge greatly on this issue
在这个问题上意见分歧很大

3
VI: to be or become different from what is expected, planned, etc
偏离;背离;违背▲He diverged from established procedure
他违背了既定程序

divergence CN/UN: a wide divergence of opinion 严重的意见分歧▲divergence between the US and Europe美国和欧洲的分歧divergent adj: divergent views 有分歧的观点•contest /ˈkɒntest/1
CN: a competition in which people try to win sth比赛;竞赛 ▲a singing contest 歌咏比赛▲a talent contest 新秀大奖赛▲to enter / win / lose a contest 参加 / 赢得竞赛;竞赛失败 ▲beauty contest "选美式"竞争(指互相竞争的公司或个人为说服某人采用其服务而举行的展示活动)(同义词替代:competition, championship, challenge, tournament【小结】)2
CN: a struggle to gain control or power争夺,竞争(控制权或权力)▲a contest for the leadership of the party 争夺政党的领导权3
VT: to take part in a competition, election, etc
and try to win it争取赢得(比赛、选举等):(bitterly, fiercely, hotly, keenly激烈地争夺)The election was bitterly contested
选举竞争激烈

(同义词(组):compete for, strive for, struggle for【小结】)4
VT: to formally oppose a decision or statement because you think it is wrong争辩;提出异议▲(fiercely, hotly, strongly, vigorously contest sb/sth: 猛烈地辩驳;激烈地反驳;强烈地辩驳;有力地辩驳)His views on evolution are strongly contested by other scientists
他关于进化论的观点受到其它科学家的强烈质疑

▲Defence lawyers successfully contested the case
被告方的律师成功地辩驳了这个论据

(同义词:challenge, argue against, oppose【小结】)【语法分析】•as people draw redistributive public pensions and quit the rat race, a contest that tends to give more unto every one that hath
因为人们将领取再分配的公共养老金,退出那种往往让富者更富的激烈竞争

(“a contest that tends to give more unto every one that hath
”中“a contest”做“rat race”的同位语

这句话里面有两个that,其中第一个that引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词a contest,它在从句中做主语,所以关系词that不可以省略;第二个that引导的也是定语从句,修饰先行词every one,它在从句中做主语,that也不可以省略

但是第二个that从句中是缺少宾语的,hath就是has,has是及物动词,所以后面要有宾语,明显是缺少宾语的,根据句意,缺少的应该是“money, wealth或affluence”等

但是因为hath是古英语,可以理解为“有……东西”,本身含有了宾语,只能这么理解了

)Will it remain so? Retirement, after all, flattens incomes not by redistributing from rich seniors to poor, but by transferring money to old people from younger, working taxpayers
There will be fewer of them around in the future for every retired person, reducing the role of redistributive public pensions
这种情况会持续吗?毕竟,退休使收入趋于平等,靠的不是把富裕老人的财富重新分配给贫困的老人,而是将还在工作的年轻纳税人的钱转移给老人

未来,供养每一位退休人员的年轻纳税人数量会减少,这将削弱公共养老金的再分配作用

【词汇复习】flatten VT: (使)变平;把…弄平(-en是一个词缀,可以做前缀,也可以做后缀,和形容词一起构成动词,翻译为“使……”

一般动词如果意思是“使……”的话,基本上都是及物动词,因为一定有“使”作用的一个对象,即跟宾语,必须跟宾语的动词是及物动词

比如enlarge:使……变大;shorten: 使……变短;frighten: 使……害怕等

)senior CN: 长者,年龄大的人(老年人:the elderly, seniors, senior citizens, old age, the aged【小结】)【语法分析】•There will be fewer of them around in the future for every retired person, reducing the role of redistributive public pensions
未来,供养每一位退休人员的年轻纳税人数量会减少,这将削弱公共养老金的再分配作用

(“reducing the role of redistributive public pensions
”是现在分词做自然而然的结果状语

)【翻译技巧】•There will be fewer of them around in the future for every retired person, reducing the role of redistributive public pensions
未来,供养每一位退休人员的年轻纳税人数量会减少,这将削弱公共养老金的再分配作用

(“这将削弱公共养老金的再分配作用

”是“供养每一位退休人员的年轻纳税人数量会减少”的结果,所以可以用非谓语,更确切地说是现在分词做结果状语,也就是原文的样子

同样“这将削弱公共养老金的再分配作用

”是很典型的非限制性定语从句翻译过来的话,“这将”两个字体现出来的,所以这里我们可以做成非限制性定语从句,也就是“There will be fewer of them around in the future for every retired person, which reduces the role of redistributive public pensions
”)【好词佳句】•老龄化问题(ageing/aging population)是一个很热的话题,中国已经进入老龄化社会(ageing/aging society)

One logical response to the diminishing number of workers per pensioner is to raise the retirement age
But that will exacerbate old-age inequality, if mildly
Longer careers will give richer workers more time to compound their advantages
And when retirement eventually arrives, the poor, who die earlier, will have less time to enjoy their pensions
供养每一位退休老人对应的劳动者人数在减少,对此一个合乎逻辑的应对方式就是提高退休年龄

但这会加剧老人的不平等状况,即使程度很轻微

更长的职业生涯将给予富有的劳动者更多时间来扩大自身优势

而当最终退休时,寿命通常较短的穷人享用自己退休金的时间也会更短

【词汇复习】logical ADJ: 合乎逻辑的▲His arguments sounded perfectly logical
他的论证听起来十分合理

response CN: 反应,回应(response to对… 的答复)▲What was their response to the question? 他们对这个问题是如何答覆的?▲There has been no response to his remarks from the government
政府方面对他的评论一直没有反应

(in response (to) 作为(对…的)响应)In response, she stormed out of the room
她的反应是怒气冲冲地走出了房间

respond VI: 做出反应,回应▲(respond to)You can rely on him to respond to a challenge
你可以信赖他,他懂得应付挑战

pensioner CN: 领养老金(或退休金、抚恤金)者mild ADJ: 温和的;不强烈的;轻微的▲mild irritation / amusement / disapproval 几分恼怒 / 喜悦 / 不赞成 ▲She looked at him in mild surprise
她略带吃惊地看着他

eventually ADV: 最终,最后(同义词:finally, ultimately, when all is said and done, in the end【小结】)【新词习得】•diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/1
VI/VT: to become or make something become smaller or less(使)减少,(使)减小▲The world's resources are rapidly diminishing
世界资源正在迅速减少

▲His influence has diminished with time
随着时间的推移,他的影响已不如从前了

▲These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain
这些药物会减少流向脑部的血液量

(减少:decrease, decline, reduce【小结】)2
VT: to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are削弱,贬低〔重要性或价值〕▲Don't let him diminish your achievements
别让他贬低你的成就

(同义词:belittle:贬低;小看▲She felt her husband constantly belittled her achievements
她觉得她的丈夫时常贬低她的成就

)the diminishing number of:越来越少的(替代less and less)the increasing/growing number of: 越来越多的(替代more and more)•exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/ VT: to make sth worse, especially a disease or problem使恶化;使加剧;使加重▲The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs
这些症状可能会因为某些药物而加重

▲I don't want to exacerbate the situation
我不想使情况变得更糟

(使恶化:aggravate /ˈægrəveɪt/,worsen(及物/不及物都可以),degrade, deteriorate(不及物动词,“……恶化”),下面出现的compound【小结】)【翻译高频词】•compound /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/1
CN: technicala substance containing atoms from two or more elements化合物▲man-made organic compounds人造有机化合物2
CN: a combination of two or more parts, substances, or qualities混合体,复合物▲Teaching is a compound of several different skills
教书是数种不同技能的混合

3
CN: an area that contains a group of buildings and is surrounded by a fence or wall四周有篱笆(围墙)的建筑群▲a prison compound监狱大院4
CN: 复合词,复合句•compound /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/1
VT: to make a difficult situation worse by adding more problems使恶化,加重:compound a problem / difficulty etc ▲The problems were compounded by severe food shortages
严重的食物短缺使问题进一步恶化

使恶化:exacerbate , aggravate /ˈægrəveɪt/,worsen,degrade, deteriorate(不及物动词,“……恶化”)【小结】)【翻译高频词】2
be compounded of / from sth: to be formed from sth由…构成(或形成),混合而成▲The DNA molecule is compounded from many smaller molecules
脱氧核糖核酸分子是由许多更小的分子组成的

3
VT: to pay interest that is calculated on both the sum of money and the interest以复利计算支付〔利息〕▲Interest is compounded quarterly
利息按季度以复利计算

(文中的意思是“扩大”,“增大”

把compound“恶化”意思褒义化了

)【语法分析】•One logical response to the diminishing number of workers per pensioner is to raise the retirement age
供养每一位退休老人对应的劳动者人数在减少,对此一个合乎逻辑的应对方式就是提高退休年龄

(这里辨析一下rise和raise这两个词

这里涉及到及物动词和不及物动词的问题

及物动词顾名思义后面必须涉及物,也就是后面一定要加宾语构成完整的谓语结构

不及物动词后面不涉及物,通常不接宾语

一般通过中文意思,基本可以判断一个动词是否及物,比如:raise是及物动词,译为“使





上升”,这里一定有“使”作用的对象,也就是宾语,所以及物

rise的意思是“上升”,也就是“





上升”,有主语就行了,主语自己上升,构成主谓结构就行了,没有宾语

再注意一下rise的过去式是rose,过去分词是risen

)•But that will exacerbate old-age inequality, if mildly
但这会加剧老人的不平等状况,即使程度很轻微

(语法点1
if 有时也可用于让步状语从句,相当于even if:即使

*If he is poor, he is at least honest
尽管他穷,但至少他很诚实

*We'll go if it rains
即使下雨我们也要去

语法点2
“if mildly”里面省略为了动词,完整的应该是“if the retirement age is mildly raised”

同时这句话按照正统语法来说,我个人觉得是有问题的,因为出现了两个连词,一个是并列连词but,一个是从属连词if,按说它们地位不一样,是不可以同时出现的

)•And when retirement eventually arrives, the poor, who die earlier, will have less time to enjoy their pensions
而当最终退休时,寿命通常较短的穷人享用自己退休金的时间也会更短

(语法点1
句子主干是“the poor will have less time to enjoy their pensions”

“who”引导的是非限制性定语从句,除了that和why,其他的关系词都可以引导非限制性定语从句

语法点2
“the poor”是“the+形容词”表示一类,后面的谓语用复数

)【翻译技巧】•One logical response to the diminishing number of workers per pensioner is to raise the retirement age
供养每一位退休老人对应的劳动者人数在减少,对此一个合乎逻辑的应对方式就是提高退休年龄

(按照中译英来看,中文两句话,如果我们英文也直译为两句话就完全体现不出句子处理的能力

一定记住一个原则就是英文喜欢使用名词、介词、以及能巧妙串联句子的(介词、动词、形容词、名词)短语/搭配,尽量做出一个长句

另外,想做好中译英,中文译文意群的划分也很重要

回过头来再看看这句,“对此一个合乎逻辑的应对方式就是提高退休年龄

”我们可以重新分析一下“对此一个合乎逻辑的应对……的方式就是提高退休年龄

”这就是英文整句话的结构,应对的就是“供养每一位退休老人对应的劳动者人数在减少”这件事

“应对”可以用“response to sth”,这个就属于能串句子的名词结构,这个“to”后面一般用名词/代词/名词短语,所以“供养每一位退休老人对应的劳动者人数在减少”我们要想办法处理成名词

一般中文中的主谓结构(更准确来说是系表结构)可以转化成英文的“定中(定语+中心语)”结构,所以“劳动者人数在减少”可以转化为“正在减少的劳动者人数”,也就是“the diminishing number of workers”,“每一”可以用介词per,因此“每一位退休老人对应的劳动者人数在减少”就可以转化为“the diminishing number of workers per pensioner”,带入到“对此一个合乎逻辑的应对……的方式就是提高退休年龄

”里面,最终的成句就是原文的样子





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  • 想请问一下在哪里能看经济学人呢?


  • 喜欢记得给我❤


  • 图片不太好看,大家可以直接看文字